Title page 1

Contents 6

INTRODUCTION 5

CHAPTER 1. STATE OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 12

Highways, Bridges, and Vehicles 12

Public Transit 24

Aviation 26

Passenger Rail 32

Ports and Waterways 37

Pipelines 43

Passenger Intermodal Facilities 45

Automated and Connected Highway Transportation Systems 45

Automation Beyond Highways 47

System Resiliency 47

Emerging Issues: Cybersecurity and Climate Change 50

Data Gaps 51

References 52

CHAPTER 2. PASSENGER TRAVEL AND EQUITY 54

Population Change: A Driver of Long-Term Travel Trends 54

Examining Household Transportation Expenditures 65

Emerging Issues: COVID-19 Impacts on Long-Distance 68

Data Gaps 77

References 80

CHAPTER 3. FREIGHT AND SUPPLY CHAIN 82

Factors Affecting U.S. Freight Transportation Demand 82

Trends in Total Freight Movements 84

International Freight 92

Shifts in Containerized Freight 95

Freight Transportation Performance 98

Disruptions to Supply Chains From Drought and Geopolitical Conflicts 104

Emerging Issues 107

Data Gaps 111

References 114

CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS 115

Transportation's Contribution to GDP 115

Transportation as an Economic Indicator 117

Transportation-Related Employment, Wages, Job Turnover, and Unemployment 119

Transportation Expenditures and Revenues 124

Transportation Investment 128

Cost of Transportation 129

Emerging Issues: Inflation and Transportation 131

Data Gaps: Needs for the Future 135

References 137

CHAPTER 5. TRANSPORTATION SAFETY 138

Fatalities and People Injured by Mode 138

Other Transportation Modes 148

On-the-Job Transportation-Related Fatalities and Injuries 151

Harassment and Crime in Transportation Facilities and Vehicles 152

Contributing Factors to Transportation Crashes and Incidents 152

Countermeasures to Reduce Safety Risks 157

Hazardous Materials Transportation 160

Filling a Gap in Precursor Safety Data 163

Emerging Issues: A New Normal in Transportation 163

Data Gaps 164

References 166

CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 169

Energy Use Patterns and Trends 169

Energy Security 172

Energy Efficiency 175

Transition to Clean Fuels and Vehicles 180

Transition to Clean Modes 185

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Air Quality 187

Additional Effects on the Environment and Sustainability 192

Emerging Issues 195

Data Gaps 195

References 197

CHAPTER 7. STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS 201

Progress Toward Meeting Information Needs 201

Passenger Transportation 202

Evidence Building: Challenges and Opportunities 205

Meeting State and Local Data and Analytics Needs 206

Looking Ahead 207

References 208

APPENDIX A. LEGISLATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES 209

APPENDIX B. GLOSSARY 210

APPENDIX C. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 215

APPENDIX D. WHY FATALITY AND INJURY DATA DIFFER BY SOURCE 218

Tables 11

Table 1-1. Public Roads, Streets, and Bridges: 2010 and 2018-2022 14

Table 1-2. Transit Vehicles and Ridership: Revenue Years 2010, and 2018-2023 25

Table 1-3. U.S. Air Transportation System: 2010 and 2018-2023 28

Table 1-4. Passenger Rail Transportation System: Fiscal Years 2010 and 2018-2023 33

Table 1-5. Rail Transportation System: Fiscal Years 2010 and 2018-2022 35

Table 1-6. Water Transportation System: 2010 and 2018-2022 38

Table 1-7. Select Waterway Transportation Characteristics and Performance Measures: 2010 and 2018-2020 38

Table 2-1. Household Computer and Internet Access: 2019-2023 57

Table 2-2. Mode of Transportation to Work Change: 2019 and 2021-2023 59

Table 2-3. Travel Time to Work: 2019-2023 62

Table 2-4. Percentage Distribution of Workplace Destination by Sex: 2023 62

Table 2-5. Limited Volume Commute Modes by Sex: 2023 65

Table 2-6. Average Number of Persons per Household by Demographic Characteristic and Geographic Area: 2023 65

Table 2-7. Characteristics of Lowest Income Quintile of Members per Household with Vehicle Ownership: 2023 68

Table 2-8. Average Annual Household Expenditures on Intercity Transportation (2023 Dollars): 2019-2023 69

Table 2-9. Modes of Transportation Available for and Used by Students to Travel to and From School 72

Table 2-10. U.S. Domestic and International Air Travel: 2019-2023 73

Table 2-11. U.S. Citizen Travel to International Regions: 2023 75

Table 2-12. U.S. Border Land-Passenger Gateways Entering the United States (Thousands): 2019-2023 75

Table 2-13. International Visitors to the U.S. by World Region of Residence: 2023 77

Table 3-1. Gross Output of Freight System-Dependent Industry Sectors: 2017-2023 (Billions of 2017 Chained Dollars) 85

Table 3-2. Freight Weight in Millions of Tons by Mode: 2019 and 2023 86

Table 3-3. Freight Noninflation Adjusted Value in Billions of 2017 Dollars by Mode: 2019 and 2023 86

Table 3-4. Top 10 Commodities by Weight and Share: 2023 87

Table 3-5. Top 10 Commodities by Value: 2023 87

Table 3-6. Value of U.S.-International Freight Flows by Geography and Transportation Mode: 2023 (Millions of 2017 Dollars) 92

Table 3-7. Weight of U.S.-International Freight Flows by Geography and Transportation Mode: 2023 (Thousands of Short Tons) 93

Table 3-8. World Bank Container Port Performance Index Rankings of Top 10 U.S. Container Ports: 2021-2023 102

Table 3-9. Average Railroad System-Wide Annual Dwell Time Hours: 2020-2023 103

Table 3-10. Average Truck Speed in the Port of New York/New Jersey and the Ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach: 2019-2023 104

Table 3-11. Panama Canal Cargo Volumes by Principal U.S. Vessel Trade Routes: Fiscal Year 2023 106

Table 3-12. Liner Shipping Capacity and Orderbook in TEUs of Top 10 Shipping Lines 108

Table 5-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode: 2016-2023 141

Table 5-2. Transportation Injuries by Mode: 2016-2022 142

Table 5-3. Fatalities by Highest BAC in Highway Crashes: 2010 and 2017-2022 154

Table 5-4. Percentages of Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use: 2010 and 2017-2023 157

Table 5-5. Hazardous Materials Transportation Incidents: 2010 and 2017-2023 161

Table 5-6. All Reported Hazardous Liquid and Gas Pipeline Incidents: 2010-2023 162

Table 6-1. Electricity Generation by Energy Source: 2010 vs. 2023 177

Table 6-2. Estimated Fuel Economy of Trucks by Type and Use: 1999-2022 178

Table 6-3. U.S. Zero-Emission Bus Fleets: 2021-2023 186

Table 6-4. Estimates of Energy Use by e-Bikes and e-Scooters in the United States: 2023 186

Table 6-5. Light- and Medium-Duty Vehicle GHG Standards: Projected Targets by Regulatory Class (CO₂ Gram/Mile) 189

Table 6-6. Percent Reduction From the Phase 2 CO₂ Emissions Standards 190

Table 6-7. Examples of Percent Sales Shares of Engine Technologies That Could Meet Phase 3 Heavy‑Duty Emissions Standards in 2032 190

Figures 8

Figure 1-1. NHS, Intermodal Connectors, and Principal Arterials: 2022 15

Figure 1-2. Percent Miles of the NHS With Poor Pavement: 2011, 2019, 2020, and 2022 16

Figure 1-3. High-Function Roads with Poor Pavement Condition, Rural vs. Urban: 2011, 2019, 2020, and 2022 17

Figure 1-4. Daily VMT on NHS Roads With Poor Pavement Condition, Urban vs. Rural: 2011, 2018-2020, and 2022 (Daily VMT = 4.8 Billion in 2022) 18

Figure 1-5. Bridges in Poor Condition and Average Daily Traffic on Bridges: 2024 19

Figure 1-6. Rural Bridges in Poor Condition: 2024 20

Figure 1-7. Licensed Drivers, Vehicle Registrations, VMT, and Population: 1985-2022 21

Figure 1-8. Annual Hours of Delay per Commuter: 2018-2022 22

Figure 1-9. Peak-Period Congestion on National Highway System's High-Volume Truck Routes: 2023 23

Figure 1-10. Average Truck Speed in mph at Bottleneck Locations: 2019-2024 24

Figure 1-11. Top 50 Urbanized Areas of Transit Ridership: 2023 26

Figure 1-12. Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles: 2010 and 2020-2023 27

Figure 1-13. Enplanements at the Top 50 U.S. Airports: 2023 29

Figure 1-14. Percent On-Time Flight Departures and Arrivals: 2010-2023 30

Figure 1-15. Percent of Flight Delay by Delay Cause: 2010-2023 31

Figure 1-16. Average Daily Number of People Screened at TSA Checkpoints by Week: 2019-2024 32

Figure 1-17. Busiest Amtrak Stations: 2023 33

Figure 1-18. Hours of Delay and On-Time Performance of Amtrak: 2010-2023 34

Figure 1-19. U.S. Total Rail Nonintermodal Carloads by Week: 2019-2024 36

Figure 1-20. Class Ⅰ Railroad System Mileage and Ton-Miles of Freight: 1960-2022 36

Figure 1-21. Loaded Containers at Select Ports: 2019-2024 39

Figure 1-22. Shares of TEUs by a Sample of East Coast and West Coast Ports: 2019-2023 40

Figure 1-23. Monthly Downbound Barge Grain Tonnage at Mississippi Lock and Dam 27: 2021-2024 41

Figure 1-24. Weekly Downbound Grain Barge Rates: January 2019-December 2024 42

Figure 1-25. Number of U.S.-Flagged Vessels by Age Group and Propelled Type: 2022 43

Figure 1-26. Ferry Passenger and Vehicle Boardings: 2022 44

Figure 1-27. U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Pipelines: 2021 45

Figure 1-28. Intermodal Passenger Facilities by Mode: 2022 46

Figure 1-29. U.S. Billion-Dollar Disaster Events: 1980-2024 47

Figure 2-1. Regional Population Shifts: 2022-2023 56

Figure 2-2. COVID-19 Passenger Impact: 2020-2024 58

Figure 2-3. Long-Term Trend in Working at Home: 1980-2023 60

Figure 2-4. Workers Working at Home by Income: 2019-2023 60

Figure 2-5. Working at Home Usually Last Week (ACS) vs. Work at Home Yesterday (ATUS): 2019-2023 61

Figure 2-6. Time of Departure to Work by Sex: 2023 63

Figure 2-7. Share of Household by Vehicles Available: 1960-2023 63

Figure 2-8. Workers in Zero-Vehicle Households by Number of Workers: 2023 64

Figure 2-9. Long-Term Trends in Zero-Vehicle Households: 1970-2023 64

Figure 2-10. Transportation Share of Consumer Spending: 2000-2023 66

Figure 2-11. Transportation Spending by Earner: 2023 67

Figure 2-12. Demographic Patterns and Mean Household Income by Income Quintile: 2023 67

Figure 2-13. Long-Distance Auto Travel by Trip Purpose: 2022 70

Figure 2-14. National Park Visits: 2019-2023 71

Figure 2-15. Share of U.S. Adults Who Have Flown in an Airplane 72

Figure 2-16. North American Cruise Departures: 2019-2023 73

Figure 2-17. U.S. Citizen International Departures Recovery Trend: 2019-2023 74

Figure 2-18. Total Foreign Arrivals: 2019-2025 (Millions) 76

Figure 3-1. U.S. Trade Growth With Selected 6 of Top 10 Trading Partners: 2016-2023 (Current Dollars) 85

Figure 3-2. Value, Tonnage, and Ton-Miles by Distance Traveled: 2023 88

Figure 3-3. Tonnage of Top 10 Commodities by Transportation Mode: 2023 91

Figure 3-4. Value of Top 10 Commodities by Transportation Mode: 2023 91

Figure 3-5. Modal Shares of U.S. Trade With Canada and Mexico: 2023 94

Figure 3-6. Top 25 U.S. International Freight Gateways by Freight Value: 2022 95

Figure 3-7. U.S. East Coast and West Coast Asian Containerized Freight Volumes: 2012-2023 96

Figure 3-8. U.S. Top 20 LSCI Ports: 2021-2023 97

Figure 3-9. Average Container Vessel Dwell Time for Top 25 U.S. Container Ports: 2019-June 2023 98

Figure 3-10. Vessel Size and Call Trends and Average Container Throughput per Call, Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach: 2005-2015 99

Figure 3-11. U.S. Top Container Ports Based on TEUs: 2022 101

Figure 3-12. Average Rail Terminal Dwell Time in Hours: January 2021-August 2024 102

Figure 3-13. Vessel Draft Restrictions on the Panama Canal by Locks: February 2022-August 2024 107

Figure 3-14. Suez Canal Vessel Transits: October 2018-June 2024 109

Figure 3-15. Top Five FDI Countries in Mexico: 2019-2023 and First Two Quarters of 2024 110

Figure 4-1. Shares of U.S. GDP: 2022 118

Figure 4-2. Transportation Services Required to Produce One Dollar of Output by Sector: 2022 118

Figure 4-3. Industrial Production, Manufacturers' Shipments, and Freight Transportation Services Index (Seasonally Adjusted): January 2013-July 2024 119

Figure 4-4. Freight Transportation Services Index and the Economic Growth Cycle: January 1979-June 2024 120

Figure 4-5. Transportation-Related Labor Force Employment in the United States: 2012-2023 (Millions) 121

Figure 4-6. Relationship Between the Transportation and Warehousing Sector and Transportation-Related Occupations: 2023 121

Figure 4-7. Employment and Wages in Select Transportation Occupations: 2023 122

Figure 4-8. Job Openings and Labor Turnover: Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities Sector (Seasonally Adjusted): January 2013-July 2024 123

Figure 4-9. Transportation Sector and U.S. Total Unemployment Rate: July 2014-July 2024 124

Figure 4-10. Transportation Sector Unemployment Rate for Men and Women: July 2014-July 2024 125

Figure 4-11. Federal Transportation Expenditures by Mode: 2021 and 2022 (Billions of Current Dollars) 126

Figure 4-12. Federal, State, and Local Transportation Revenue by Mode: 2021 and 2022 (Billions of Current Dollars) 126

Figure 4-13. Motor Fuel Revenue as Percent of Total Highway Trust Fund Net Income and Expenditures (2024 Dollars): Fiscal Years 1987-2024 127

Figure 4-14. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Funds Authorized for Highway by Fiscal Year and Amount Reduced by Construction Cost Inflation: 2012-2026 128

Figure 4-15. Total Investment and Transportation Investment in Fixed Assets (New Structures, New and Used Equipment, and Intellectual Property Products):... 129

Figure 4-16. Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-Users (Current Dollars/Gallon): 1994-2023 130

Figure 4-17. Producer Price Indices for Producers of Selected Transportation and Warehousing Services: 2013-2023 131

Figure 4-18. Consumer Price Index for Transportation, Change from Same Month of the Previous Year (Unadjusted) and Seasonally Adjusted Value:... 132

Figure 4-19. Contribution of Transportation to Inflation Compared to Food, Shelter, and Medical Services: January 2021-August 2024 133

Figure 4-20. Downbound Grain Barge Rates (Dollars per Ton): January 2014-September 2024 134

Figure 4-21. Freight Rates in Dollars per 40-Foot Container for East Bound (Central China [Shanghai] to U.S. West Coast [Los Angeles]) and West Bound... 135

Figure 4-22. Contribution of Transportation and Related Services to Inflation Faced by Producers of Goods and Services: January 2021-August 2024 136

Figure 5-1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode: 2022 140

Figure 5-2. Indices of Motor Vehicle-Related Fatalities, VMT, and Fatality Rates Before and During COVID-19: 2010-2022 144

Figure 5-3. Proportion of Traffic Fatalities Inside/Outside Vehicles: 1975-2022 145

Figure 5-4. Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities by Rural or Urban Location: 2010-2022 146

Figure 5-5. Fatality Rate per 100 Million VMT by Rural or Urban Location: 2010-2022 147

Figure 5-6. Transit Fatalities by Category: 2019-2023 149

Figure 5-7. Fatalities by Role in Crashes Involving at Least One Driver With a BAC of 0.08 or Higher: 2022 154

Figure 5-8. Percentages of Motorcyclists Killed Not Wearing a Helmet: 2022 155

Figure 5-9. People Killed in Distracted-Driving Crashes: 2010-2022 158

Figure 6-1. U.S. Consumption of Energy From Primary Sources by Sector: 1960-2023 171

Figure 6-2. Transportation Energy Use by Mode: 2022 172

Figure 6-3. Transportation Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1950-2023 173

Figure 6-4. Transportation and U.S. Petroleum Dependence: 1950-2023 173

Figure 6-5. U.S. Petroleum Use, Domestic Supply, and Net Imports: 1950-2023 174

Figure 6-6. CAFE and Achieved MPG for Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, and Heavy-Duty Pickups and Vans 175

Figure 6-7. Miles of Travel and Fuel Use by Light-Duty Vehicles: 1965-2022 176

Figure 6-8. Commercial Truck Fuel Consumption by Average Weight 179

Figure 6-9. Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers and Rail Freight Services: 1960-2023 179

Figure 6-10. Sales of Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid, and Battery EVs: 1999-June 2024 181

Figure 6-11. Intercity Fast Charging Corridors: Completed and Pending Mid-Year 2023 181

Figure 6-12. Fast Chargers per 1,000 Roadway Miles by State: Mid-Year 2024 182

Figure 6-13. Estimated Electricity Use by Plug-In Vehicles: 2018-2023 183

Figure 6-14. Transportation Use of Biofuels: 1980-2023 184

Figure 6-15. Natural Gas Use by U.S. Vehicles: 1997-2023 185

Figure 6-16. Percent of Transit Buses by Fuel Type 186

Figure 6-17. Transportation's GHG Emissions by Gas: 2022 187

Figure 6-18. U.S. CO₂ Emissions From Energy Consumption: 1975-2023 188

Figure 6-19. Three Alternative Pathways to Meet 2032 Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Standards 189

Figure 6-20. National Average Air Pollutant Concentrations: 1990-2023 191

Figure 6-21. Estimated National Average Emissions per Vehicle Using Gasoline and Diesel by Pollutant: 2000-2030 192

Figure 6-22. Releases and Cleanups From Leaking Underground Storage Tanks: 2000-2023 193

Figure 6-23. Numbers of People in Areas of Significant Noise Exposure Around U.S. Airports: 2000-2023 194

Boxes 46

BOX 1-A. TRANSPORTATION VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE DATA PROGRAM 46

BOX 1-B. 2023 INTERSTATE 95 HIGHWAY COLLAPSE 48

BOX 1-C. COLLAPSE OF THE KEY BRIDGE 49

BOX 1-D. HURRICANE HELENE 50

BOX 3-A. PORT OF BALTIMORE DISRUPTION: IMPACT OF THE KEY BRIDGE COLLAPSE 105

BOX 3-B. PANAMA CANAL DROUGHT DISRUPTIONS 106

BOX 5-A. HOW RISKY BEHAVIORIAL FACTORS-SPEEDING, ALCOHOL USE, AND FAILURE TO USE SEAT BELTS AMONG PASSENGER VEHICLE DRIVERS... 143

BOX 5-B. SAFETY DATA AND ADVANCED DRIVING ASSISTANCE TECHNOLOGIES 148

BOX 5-C. MICROMOBILITY SAFETY AND SHARED TRAVELWAYS 160

BOX 6-A. BEVS, PHEVS, EVS, PEVS, AND HEVS 180