Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

1. Introduction 3

2. A Changing Middle East 4

2.1. China, Russia, and Türkiye's Expanding Influence 5

2.2. The Revival of Minilateralism and Its Relevance for the EU 7

2.3. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): A New Cross-regional Platform 9

3. Europe's State of Play 12

3.1. A World Gone: Revisiting Europe's Strategic Framework towards the MENA Region 12

3.2. Europe's Strategic Assets 14

3.2.1. Trade 14

3.2.2. Energy and Green Transformation 14

3.2.3. Development Cooperation 15

3.2.4. Technology and Science 15

3.2.5. Defence 16

4. Looking Ahead: A Roadmap for EU Engagement in the Middle East 16

5. Bibliography 20

Figures 10

Figure 1. India-Middle East Corridor 10