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Tomorrow's young soldiers: the patriotic socialization of children in Russia
(미래의 젊은 군인들: 러시아 어린이들의 애국심 사회화)
Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS)
2025-09-02
목차
Chapter 1. Introduction 13
By Niels Bo Poulsen and Jørgen Staun
On 24 February 2022 13
The threat from Russia 14
The difficult art of prediction 16
The book's theoretical approach 20
How to assess Russia's political interests and military capabilities? 23
Thanks to 26
Literature 28
Chapter 2. Geopolitics, regime security and Putin's imperial ambitions: A neoclassical realist account of Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine 31
By Elias Götz
Introduction 31
Explanation 1: The Putin factor 32
Explanation 2: Democracy prevention 35
Explanation 3: Balancing the West 37
Integrating the results: A neoclassical realist explanation 40
Drivers: Geopolitical demands and status aspirations 41
Timing: Ukraine's westward movement and Russia's waning influence 42
Scope: Putin's worldview and Russia's authoritarian regime 45
Conclusions and implications for Denmark 47
Literature 50
Chapter 3. Putin's court and the war: How did Russia make the decision to invade Ukraine in 2022? 55
By Jørgen Staun
Introduction 55
Research overview 57
Putinism as a system – the debate about who makes the decisions and how 58
Putin's court 62
Who from the inner circle of the court was involved in making the invasion decision? 65
Conclusion: The collective versus the isolated Putin 68
Literature 71
Chapter 4. Russian strategic culture and the war in Ukraine: The worldview behind the invasion 75
By Jørgen Staun
Introduction to the chapter 75
Strategic culture and Russian foreign and security policy 78
Research overview 80
The Putin regime and the war in Ukraine – three key discourses 80
Great power dreams 80
Russia feels threatened by the West 83
Russian imperialism and ethnic nationalism 85
Ukraine 88
Conclusion 89
Outcome 90
What does this mean for Denmark and the Danish Defence? 92
Literature 92
Chapter 5. Tomorrow's young soldiers: The patriotic socialisation of children in Russia 99
By Flemming Splidsboel Hansen
Introduction 99
Research overview 102
The school 103
Political preferences among the youth 104
Patriotism 108
Patriotism in schools 110
Conversations about what is important 110
The Movement of the First 113
Basic military training 117
Conclusion 120
Literature 123
Chapter 6. The land warfare dynamics 131
By Jesper Hein Olsen
Introduction and purpose 131
Research overview 132
Theory and methodology 133
The Russian invasion 137
The Ukrainian counteroffensives in 2022 140
From manoeuvre to attritional warfare 141
Summary 143
Conclusion 145
Literature 146
Chapter 7. Sea power or maritime hide-and-seek – Russia's encounter with Ukrainian A2/AD 151
By Anders Puck Nielsen & Alexander With
Introduction 151
Research overview 153
The background 154
The theory of Sea Control, Sea Denial and A2/AD 157
The war in Ukraine and the maritime battles in the Black Sea 159
The run-up to the war 160
Russian sea control in the first months of the war 160
The sinking of Moskva and the loss of sea control 162
The grain initiative and a period of balanced sea power 163
The A2/AD bubble expands and Russia is forced on the defensive 164
Can the Black Sea Fleet make a comeback? 169
Discussion of implications for Russia 170
Implications for Denmark 171
Literature 177
Chapter 8. The downfall of Russia's air and space power – An analysis of Russian air and space weapon capabilities in light of the war in Ukraine 183
By Karsten Marrup
Introduction 183
Purpose of the chapter 184
Content 185
Delimitation 185
Research overview 185
Part 1: Parameters for the analysis 187
Part 2: Overall phases of the war 190
Strategic fallacies: The battle for control of air – the initial phase (24 February to mid-April 2022) 190
Parity in the air: Ground-based air defence proves decisive in the battle for control of the air – phases two and three (April to September 2022) 195
Coordinated missile and drone strikes: The situation in the air forces Russia to prioritise long-range missile and drone strikes – fourth phase (September 2022 to September 2023) 200
Introduction of glide bombs: VKS is dealt a new hand and is back as flying artillery for the Russian army – fifth phase (with September 2023 to August 2024) 202
Part 3: Conclusion and perspectives for Denmark 204
The downfall of Russia's air and space power: The VKS has not delivered in Ukraine and cannot do what is expected with the capabilities at its disposal 204
Lessons from the war in Ukraine: What can we learn from the war and what are the implications for Denmark and the Danish Defence? 206
Literature 207
Chapter 9. Russia's use of drones in the Ukraine war – a technological development with doctrinal implications 211
By Karsten Marrup
Introduction 211
Purpose 212
Contents 213
Delimitation 213
Research overview 213
Part 1: Class I drones (<150kg) 215
Small, cheap and accessible drones with great effect 215
Part 2: Class II drones (150-600kg) 220
Cruise missiles with drone status are used strategically in the war 220
Part 3: Class III (> 600kg) 223
Large and expensive but not very useful in this conflict 223
Part 4: Conclusion and perspectives for Denmark 224
Russia possesses several drone capabilities that Denmark should be wary of 224
Literature 226
Chapter 10. Russia's special operations forces and military
spetsnaz units 229
By Claus Mathiesen
Introduction 229
Research, theory and literature on the subject 231
Russian military spetsnaz units 235
The Russian special operations forces (SOF, Rus.: SSO = sily spetsialnykh operatsiy) 236
Russian definitions of spetsnaz forces and special operations forces 238
Russian Spetsnaz units and special operations forces in Crimea in 2014 and in Donbas before February 2022. 240
Russian Spetsnaz units and special operations forces in Ukraine after February 2022 241
The attempt to end the war in a few days – the operation against Hostomel airfield 243
Implications for the Russian military 246
Implications for Danish Defence 247
Literature 250
Chapter 11. Russia's nuclear weapons: Before and after the invasion of Ukraine 287
By Carina Meyn
Introduction 287
Research overview 288
Method and theory 289
Analysis 290
Russia's nuclear capabilities and current deterrence doctrine 290
Russian nuclear threat diplomacy 293
The Karaganov debate 295
The president and the doctrine critic 298
Implications of the Ukraine war on international arms control 300
Conclusion and perspective 302
Literature 303
Chapter 12. Willingness but not ability: Russia's limited results in the world's first cyber war 307
By Mikkel Storm Jensen
Cyber: The invisible front 307
The cyber front is important – and it's not standing still 309
Research overview, empirical data and methodology: Preliminary insights into the cyber aspects of war 311
Analysis: The battle for Ukraine in cyberspace 313
Russian cyberattacks on Denmark since the invasion 317
Possible reasons for Russia's lack of results 320
Offensive cyber weapons are less effective than first thought 323
Tacit Western acceptance of the Ukraine IT Army could set an unfortunate precedent 323
The new and significant role of private companies 324
Conclusion and perspective 325
Literature 326
Chapter 13. An irregular invasion. How separatists, military contractors and volunteers are part of Russia's combined forces 335
By Niklas Rendboe
Introduction 335
Research overview 337
Methodology and structure 339
The organisation of the militias – shadow mobilisation 339
Militia tactics 342
Reconnaissance and assault 343
Deploying expendable personnel 343
Breaking down lines of defence 343
The militias’ threat to Russia 344
Conclusion and implications for Western security 345
Significance for Denmark 346
Significance for NATO 346
Literature 347
Chapter 14. Russia’s war in the information space 355
By Jeanette Serritzlev
Introduction 355
Research overview 356
Methodological approach 357
Russia's approach to information as a weapon 357
Reflexive control as a framework for understanding 359
Organisation and capabilities 360
Expectations before the war 362
Russia's information efforts during the war: Generating support, division or fear 363
Influencing the information space in Russia 364
Influencing the information space in Ukraine 365
Influencing the information space in the West 370
Impact on the global information space 373
Conclusion. Lessons for NATO and Denmark: In the information space, Russia is already at war with the West 374
Literature 377
Chapter 15. Military strategic adaptation in Russia 381
By Jonas Gejl Kaas
Introduction 381
Military strategy and military adaptation in Russia 383
Military adaptation in Russia – a research overview 384
Indications of military strategic adaptation after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 387
Military strategic means 387
Military strategic ways 390
Military strategic ends 392
Discussion and conclusion 395
How to increase the Danish Defence's adaptability in light of the war in Ukraine 397
Literature 399
Chapter 16. Can adaptation be the key to ending war? 405
By Lennart Schou Jeppesen
Introduction 405
Research overview 407
Methodological approaches 408
The theoretical landscape 408
Russian warfare at the operational level 410
Analysis 411
Analysis section 1 – The beginning of the war and the ability to adapt 412
Analysis section 2 – The Ukrainian offensive in autumn 2022 413
Analysis section 3 – War of attrition over the summer of 2023 416
Conclusion and perspective 418
Were the means sufficient? 418
Are the methods right? 419
What's happening to risk appetite? 419
What does this say about operational management? 419
What can we learn going forward? 420
Literature 421
Chapter 17. Conclusion 425
By Niels Bo Poulsen & Jørgen Staun
Introduction 425
Russia after three years of war 426
The Russian military service by service – strengthened or weakened by the war? 430
Can Russia learn from its mistakes? 436
The implications for Denmark and NATO 439
Literature 443
About the authors 445
By Niels Bo Poulsen and Jørgen Staun
On 24 February 2022 13
The threat from Russia 14
The difficult art of prediction 16
The book's theoretical approach 20
How to assess Russia's political interests and military capabilities? 23
Thanks to 26
Literature 28
Chapter 2. Geopolitics, regime security and Putin's imperial ambitions: A neoclassical realist account of Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine 31
By Elias Götz
Introduction 31
Explanation 1: The Putin factor 32
Explanation 2: Democracy prevention 35
Explanation 3: Balancing the West 37
Integrating the results: A neoclassical realist explanation 40
Drivers: Geopolitical demands and status aspirations 41
Timing: Ukraine's westward movement and Russia's waning influence 42
Scope: Putin's worldview and Russia's authoritarian regime 45
Conclusions and implications for Denmark 47
Literature 50
Chapter 3. Putin's court and the war: How did Russia make the decision to invade Ukraine in 2022? 55
By Jørgen Staun
Introduction 55
Research overview 57
Putinism as a system – the debate about who makes the decisions and how 58
Putin's court 62
Who from the inner circle of the court was involved in making the invasion decision? 65
Conclusion: The collective versus the isolated Putin 68
Literature 71
Chapter 4. Russian strategic culture and the war in Ukraine: The worldview behind the invasion 75
By Jørgen Staun
Introduction to the chapter 75
Strategic culture and Russian foreign and security policy 78
Research overview 80
The Putin regime and the war in Ukraine – three key discourses 80
Great power dreams 80
Russia feels threatened by the West 83
Russian imperialism and ethnic nationalism 85
Ukraine 88
Conclusion 89
Outcome 90
What does this mean for Denmark and the Danish Defence? 92
Literature 92
Chapter 5. Tomorrow's young soldiers: The patriotic socialisation of children in Russia 99
By Flemming Splidsboel Hansen
Introduction 99
Research overview 102
The school 103
Political preferences among the youth 104
Patriotism 108
Patriotism in schools 110
Conversations about what is important 110
The Movement of the First 113
Basic military training 117
Conclusion 120
Literature 123
Chapter 6. The land warfare dynamics 131
By Jesper Hein Olsen
Introduction and purpose 131
Research overview 132
Theory and methodology 133
The Russian invasion 137
The Ukrainian counteroffensives in 2022 140
From manoeuvre to attritional warfare 141
Summary 143
Conclusion 145
Literature 146
Chapter 7. Sea power or maritime hide-and-seek – Russia's encounter with Ukrainian A2/AD 151
By Anders Puck Nielsen & Alexander With
Introduction 151
Research overview 153
The background 154
The theory of Sea Control, Sea Denial and A2/AD 157
The war in Ukraine and the maritime battles in the Black Sea 159
The run-up to the war 160
Russian sea control in the first months of the war 160
The sinking of Moskva and the loss of sea control 162
The grain initiative and a period of balanced sea power 163
The A2/AD bubble expands and Russia is forced on the defensive 164
Can the Black Sea Fleet make a comeback? 169
Discussion of implications for Russia 170
Implications for Denmark 171
Literature 177
Chapter 8. The downfall of Russia's air and space power – An analysis of Russian air and space weapon capabilities in light of the war in Ukraine 183
By Karsten Marrup
Introduction 183
Purpose of the chapter 184
Content 185
Delimitation 185
Research overview 185
Part 1: Parameters for the analysis 187
Part 2: Overall phases of the war 190
Strategic fallacies: The battle for control of air – the initial phase (24 February to mid-April 2022) 190
Parity in the air: Ground-based air defence proves decisive in the battle for control of the air – phases two and three (April to September 2022) 195
Coordinated missile and drone strikes: The situation in the air forces Russia to prioritise long-range missile and drone strikes – fourth phase (September 2022 to September 2023) 200
Introduction of glide bombs: VKS is dealt a new hand and is back as flying artillery for the Russian army – fifth phase (with September 2023 to August 2024) 202
Part 3: Conclusion and perspectives for Denmark 204
The downfall of Russia's air and space power: The VKS has not delivered in Ukraine and cannot do what is expected with the capabilities at its disposal 204
Lessons from the war in Ukraine: What can we learn from the war and what are the implications for Denmark and the Danish Defence? 206
Literature 207
Chapter 9. Russia's use of drones in the Ukraine war – a technological development with doctrinal implications 211
By Karsten Marrup
Introduction 211
Purpose 212
Contents 213
Delimitation 213
Research overview 213
Part 1: Class I drones (<150kg) 215
Small, cheap and accessible drones with great effect 215
Part 2: Class II drones (150-600kg) 220
Cruise missiles with drone status are used strategically in the war 220
Part 3: Class III (> 600kg) 223
Large and expensive but not very useful in this conflict 223
Part 4: Conclusion and perspectives for Denmark 224
Russia possesses several drone capabilities that Denmark should be wary of 224
Literature 226
Chapter 10. Russia's special operations forces and military
spetsnaz units 229
By Claus Mathiesen
Introduction 229
Research, theory and literature on the subject 231
Russian military spetsnaz units 235
The Russian special operations forces (SOF, Rus.: SSO = sily spetsialnykh operatsiy) 236
Russian definitions of spetsnaz forces and special operations forces 238
Russian Spetsnaz units and special operations forces in Crimea in 2014 and in Donbas before February 2022. 240
Russian Spetsnaz units and special operations forces in Ukraine after February 2022 241
The attempt to end the war in a few days – the operation against Hostomel airfield 243
Implications for the Russian military 246
Implications for Danish Defence 247
Literature 250
Chapter 11. Russia's nuclear weapons: Before and after the invasion of Ukraine 287
By Carina Meyn
Introduction 287
Research overview 288
Method and theory 289
Analysis 290
Russia's nuclear capabilities and current deterrence doctrine 290
Russian nuclear threat diplomacy 293
The Karaganov debate 295
The president and the doctrine critic 298
Implications of the Ukraine war on international arms control 300
Conclusion and perspective 302
Literature 303
Chapter 12. Willingness but not ability: Russia's limited results in the world's first cyber war 307
By Mikkel Storm Jensen
Cyber: The invisible front 307
The cyber front is important – and it's not standing still 309
Research overview, empirical data and methodology: Preliminary insights into the cyber aspects of war 311
Analysis: The battle for Ukraine in cyberspace 313
Russian cyberattacks on Denmark since the invasion 317
Possible reasons for Russia's lack of results 320
Offensive cyber weapons are less effective than first thought 323
Tacit Western acceptance of the Ukraine IT Army could set an unfortunate precedent 323
The new and significant role of private companies 324
Conclusion and perspective 325
Literature 326
Chapter 13. An irregular invasion. How separatists, military contractors and volunteers are part of Russia's combined forces 335
By Niklas Rendboe
Introduction 335
Research overview 337
Methodology and structure 339
The organisation of the militias – shadow mobilisation 339
Militia tactics 342
Reconnaissance and assault 343
Deploying expendable personnel 343
Breaking down lines of defence 343
The militias’ threat to Russia 344
Conclusion and implications for Western security 345
Significance for Denmark 346
Significance for NATO 346
Literature 347
Chapter 14. Russia’s war in the information space 355
By Jeanette Serritzlev
Introduction 355
Research overview 356
Methodological approach 357
Russia's approach to information as a weapon 357
Reflexive control as a framework for understanding 359
Organisation and capabilities 360
Expectations before the war 362
Russia's information efforts during the war: Generating support, division or fear 363
Influencing the information space in Russia 364
Influencing the information space in Ukraine 365
Influencing the information space in the West 370
Impact on the global information space 373
Conclusion. Lessons for NATO and Denmark: In the information space, Russia is already at war with the West 374
Literature 377
Chapter 15. Military strategic adaptation in Russia 381
By Jonas Gejl Kaas
Introduction 381
Military strategy and military adaptation in Russia 383
Military adaptation in Russia – a research overview 384
Indications of military strategic adaptation after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 387
Military strategic means 387
Military strategic ways 390
Military strategic ends 392
Discussion and conclusion 395
How to increase the Danish Defence's adaptability in light of the war in Ukraine 397
Literature 399
Chapter 16. Can adaptation be the key to ending war? 405
By Lennart Schou Jeppesen
Introduction 405
Research overview 407
Methodological approaches 408
The theoretical landscape 408
Russian warfare at the operational level 410
Analysis 411
Analysis section 1 – The beginning of the war and the ability to adapt 412
Analysis section 2 – The Ukrainian offensive in autumn 2022 413
Analysis section 3 – War of attrition over the summer of 2023 416
Conclusion and perspective 418
Were the means sufficient? 418
Are the methods right? 419
What's happening to risk appetite? 419
What does this say about operational management? 419
What can we learn going forward? 420
Literature 421
Chapter 17. Conclusion 425
By Niels Bo Poulsen & Jørgen Staun
Introduction 425
Russia after three years of war 426
The Russian military service by service – strengthened or weakened by the war? 430
Can Russia learn from its mistakes? 436
The implications for Denmark and NATO 439
Literature 443
About the authors 445
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Tomorrow's young soldiers: the patriotic socialization of children in Russia
(미래의 젊은 군인들: 러시아 어린이들의 애국심 사회화)
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