LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7

LIST OF TABLES 10

LIST OF FIGURES 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11

1. GENERAL ISSUES IN CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS BEFORE DOHA 12
    1.1. Introduction 12
    1.2. Main outcomes of COP 17 in Durban 12
    1.3. Implementation of the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action 13
        1.3.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 13
        1.3.2. Negotiation process in 2012 14
        1.3.3. Position of Parties 15
    1.4. Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol 16
        1.4.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 16
        1.4.2. Negotiation process in 2012 16
    1.5. Work under the AWG-LCA in 2012 18
    1.6. The impact of other relevant international developments on the negotiation process 19

2. INDIVIDUAL TOPICS IN CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS 20
    2.1. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions 20
        2.1.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 20
        2.1.2. Necessary emission reductions 21
        2.1.3. Mitigation commitments of developed countries 24
        2.1.4. Pledges for mitigation action from developing countries 27
        2.1.5. Negotiation process in 2012 30
    2.2. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) and accounting arrangements for developed countries 31
        2.2.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 31
        2.2.2. Negotiation process in 2012 32
        2.2.3. Position of Parties 34
    2.3. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) for developing countries 34
        2.3.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 34
        2.3.2. Negotiation process in 2012 35
    2.4. Financial support 36
        2.4.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 36
        2.4.2. Negotiation process in 2012 37
        2.4.3. Position of Parties 40
    2.5. Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) 40
        2.5.1. Background: key issues in negotiations 40
        2.5.2. Agreement achieved in Durban 41
        2.5.3. Negotiation process in 2012 41
        2.5.4. REDD+ partnership in 2012 42
        2.5.5. Position of Parties and stakeholders 42
    2.6. Accounting for GHG emission changes from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) 43
        2.6.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 43
        2.6.2. Negotiation process in 2012 44
    2.7. Flexible mechanisms 44
        2.7.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 45
        2.7.2. Negotiation process in 2012 45
        2.7.3. Position of Parties 46
    2.8. International aviation and maritime emissions 48
        2.8.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 48
        2.8.2. Negotiation process in 2012 48
        2.8.3. Position of Parties 48
        2.8.4. Developments at IMO and ICAO 49
    2.9. Technology and technology transfer 50
        2.9.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 50
        2.9.2. Negotiation process in 2012 51
        2.9.3. Position of Parties 51
    2.10. Adaptation 51
        2.10.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 52
        2.10.2. Negotiation process in 2012 52
        2.10.3. Position of Parties 53
    2.11. Capacity building 53
        2.11.1. Agreement achieved in Durban 53
        2.11.2. Negotiation process in 2012 53
        2.11.3. Position of Parties 54

3. COUNTRY POSITIONS 55
    3.1. China 55
        3.1.1. Facts 55
        3.1.2. Positions 56
    3.2. India 57
        3.2.1. Facts 57
        3.2.2. Positions 58
    3.3. Brazil 58
        3.3.1. Facts 58
        3.3.2. Positions 60
    3.4. Mexico 61
        3.4.1. Facts 61
        3.4.2. Positions 62
    3.5. South Africa 62
        3.5.1. Facts 62
        3.5.2. Positions 63
    3.6. USA 64
        3.6.1. Facts 64
        3.6.2. Positions 65
    3.7. The Russian Federation 65
        3.7.1. Facts 65
        3.7.2. Positions 66
    3.8. Japan 66
        3.8.1. Facts 66
        3.8.2. Positions 67
    3.9. Australia 68
        3.9.1. Facts 68
        3.9.2. Positions 69

4. POSITIONS OF NEGOTIATION GROUPS 70
    4.1. G-77 & China 70
    4.2. Like minded developing countries 70
    4.3. AOSIS 71
    4.4. Umbrella group 72
    4.5. ALBA countries 72
    4.6. Cartagena Dialogue 73

5. POSITIONS OF STAKEHOLDER GROUPS 74
    5.1. Environmental NGOs 74
    5.2. ICAO 75
    5.3. IMO 77
    5.4. GEF 78
    5.5. IPCC 80

6. GLOSSARY 81
    6.1. Understanding the agenda and the daily programme 81
    6.2. Negotiation formats 82
    6.3. Types of documents 83
    6.4. Negotiating groups 83
    6.5. Institutions under the UNFCCC 84
    6.6. Other key terms 85

REFERENCES 87

NOTES 90