목차
Title page 1
Contents 1
Abstract 2
1. Introduction 4
2. Conceptual Framework: The Kuznets Environment Curve and Structural Transformation 7
3. Data and Descriptive Statistics: Patterns of Structural Transformation and Emissions Intensity 9
4. Empirical Strategy 12
5. Results 13
a. Baseline specification 13
b. Heterogeneous effects 15
c. Robustness checks 18
6. Extension: Carbon Intensities within Sectors 21
a. Convergence in emissions intensity across countries 21
b. Counterfactual scenarios 22
c. Direct and indirect emission intensities 23
7. Conclusion 24
References 26
Tables 14
Table 1. Baseline regressions 14
Table 2. Income groups 17
Table 3. Robustness checks 19
Table 4. Income groups (historical income group classification) 20
Table 5. Convergence in the intensity of direct carbon emission across countries 22
Table 6. Intensity of carbon emission across country groups 24
Figures 8
Figure 1. Intensity of carbon emissions, by country-sector pair, 1995-2018 8
Figure 2. Intensity of carbon emissions and employment share, by sector, 1995-2018 9
Figure 3. Carbon emissions per GDP, 1995 and 2017 9
Figure 4. Sectoral shares of employment, 1995 and 2017 10
Figure 5. Overall emissions intensity and the share of manufacturing employment, 1961-2017 11
Figure 6. Overall emissions intensity and the share of services employment, 1961-2017 11
Figure 7. Marginal effects of sectoral employment shares on the overall emissions intensity 15
Figure 8. Marginal effects of sectoral employment shares on the overall emissions intensity, high-income countries versus developing economies 17
Figure 9. Counterfactual scenarios of emissions intensities with cleaner technologies 23
Figure 10. Direct and indirect carbon emissions intensities, advanced versus developing economies 24
