목차
Title page 1
Contents 2
KEY TAKEAWAYS 1
INTRODUCTION 3
HUAWEI 101: ITS BUSINESSES AND U.S. ACTIONS AGAINST THE COMPANY 4
U.S. Government's Sanctions on Huawei for Alleged Business with Iran 6
U.S. Government's Attempts to Cripple the Company 7
The Effect of Export Controls on Huawei's Global Market Share 10
Huawei's Innovations After the Export Controls 10
HOW HUAWEI BOUNCED BACK FROM EXPORT CONTROLS 12
China's Mercantilism Allowed Huawei to Survive 12
Huawei Had More Than Six Years to Prepare "Spare Tires" to Deal With Export Controls 14
Expanding Reliance on the Local Market 14
Huawei Overinvested in R&D Capabilities Before Restrictions, and Kept Investing After Them 17
Huawei Started Working on an Indigenous OS Years Before the Export Controls 20
Investing in Semiconductors Was Critical to Continue the Company's Operations 21
Other Short-Term Measures 21
HOW EXPORT CONTROLS ON HUAWEI ARE AFFECTING U.S. COMPANIES 22
Export Controls Cut U.S. Businesses' Sales by at Least $33 billion 22
Export Controls Triggered the PRC to Retaliate Against U.S. Companies 25
WHY THIS MATTERS 26
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 26
CONCLUSIONS 28
ENDNOTES 29
Tables 5
Table 1. De facto import bans-actions to exclude Huawei from U.S. 5G networks (2017 to present) 5
Table 2. Summary of the U.S.-Japan (1980s) vs. U.S.-China (present day) tech rivalry 9
Table 3. Examples of U.S. advanced manufacturing companies affected by the export controls 24
Figures 6
Figure 1. Prevalence of Huawei technologies in 5G infrastructure outside China 6
Figure 2. U.S. and Japanese global semiconductor market share, by revenues, 1984-2019 9
Figure 3. Huawei's revenues from China as a share of total revenues 15
Figure 4. Huawei's revenues by region (billion CNY, 2024 prices) 16
Figure 5. Huawei's market share in China for smartphone sales 17
Figure 6. Real R&D expenditure growth by company (indexed; 2013 = 100) 18
Figure 7. R&D intensity by company (R&D expenditure as a share of net sales) 19
Figure 8. Number of R&D employees and R&D personnel as a share of total employees for Huawei 20
Figure 9. Huawei's raw materials as a share of total inventories 22
Figure 10. Lost sales to U.S. suppliers due to export controls against Huawei between 2021 and 2024 23
Figure 11. R&D expenditure (indexed; 2020 = 100) 25
