Acknowledgments 3

Abstract 4

1. Introduction 7

2. Rationale 9

2.1. Defining civic and social engagement (CSE) 9

2.2. The importance of CSE for an inclusive society 10

2.3. The changing landscape of CSE 12

2.4. Why education? 19

3. Civic education across the OECD 23

3.1. Defining civic education in the OECD 23

3.2. Integration of civic education across the OECD 25

3.3. Access to civic education opportunities 29

4. Civic education policies and practices for an inclusive society 35

4.1. Open classroom climate 35

4.2. Continuing professional learning and initial teacher education 38

4.3. Building civic competence through participatory learning 40

4.4. Civic education interventions targeting specific groups 45

4.5. Developing civic attitudes, values and social and emotional skills 48

4.6. Developing inclusive media literacy education 52

4.7. A whole-school approach to civic education 54

5. Conclusion 58

5.1. Key takeaways 58

References 61