목차
Title page 1
Contents 3
About the Martens Centre 4
About the author 6
Summary 8
Introduction 10
The emergence of political groupings in the ECSC's Common Assembly (1952-8) 12
The developments towards direct elections (1958-79) 15
The EP's growing autonomy and self-awareness (1979-90) 22
The EP's increased politicisation and institutionalisation (1991-9) 26
The achievement of institutional equality with the Council (1999-2009) 29
The new start with Lisbon: factionalism, remembrance and the Spitzenkandidaten model (2009-19) 31
The EP in times of populism and growing complexity (2019-24) 37
Mapping the development of European parliamentarism: key criteria 40
Treaties 40
Enlargements 41
Changing party-political landscapes and EP groupings 42
Inter-institutionalism 44
Direct elections 44
The presidents 46
Conclusion 48
Bibliography 52
