Title page 1

Contents 1

What's the issue? 2

Why is this important? 2

What can be done about it? Agile governance and financial mixes 5

References 9

Tables 3

Table 1. Financing and market creation instruments for biosolutions in the European Union and the United States 3

Table 2. Biotechnology regulatory barriers across the E.U. and U.S. 4

Figures 2

Figure 1. Patent applications in the biotechnology sector by jurisdiction and OECD member countries 2

Figure 2. Financing for biotechnology innovations for startups and greenfield facilities across the European Union and the United States, 2013-2022 4

Figure 3. Distribution of selected agile mechanisms across the policy cycle 5

Boxes 7

Box 1. United Kingdom Engineering Biology Sandbox Fund 7