목차
Title page 1
Contents 1
Abstract 2
1. Introduction 4
2. Conceptual framework and data 5
2.1. Conceptual framework 5
2.2. Data 7
3. Evidence on environmental Engel curves in 109 countries 8
3.1. A pollution hierarchy of household fuels 8
3.2. EECs for air pollution 13
3.2.1. Cooking fuels and indoor air pollution 13
3.2.2. Vehicle ownership and outdoor air pollution 16
4. Discussion 17
References 19
Figures 7
Figure 1. Stylized EEC relationships for normal and inferior goods 7
Figure 2. The Energy Ladder: The dominant energy source for cooking and heating by level of income 9
Figure 3. Household budget shares for energy types with high, medium, and low indoor air pollution intensity, across country income groups 10
Figure 4. Indoor air pollution: consumption of dirty energy types and access to electricity by household wealth quintiles 14
Figure 5. Consumption of dirty energy types by household wealth quintiles: rural-urban disparities 15
Figure 6. Access to electricity by household wealth quintiles: rural-urban disparities 16
Figure 7. Outdoor air pollution (Motorcycle and car ownership) 17
