At a glance 3

Introduction 5

CHAPTER 1 The world today spends $190 billion annually to defend against extreme weather 7

CHAPTER 2 Adapting to developed-economy standards at 2°C could cost $1.2 trillion annually by 2050 24

CHAPTER 3 How much will be spent on adaptation? 38

CHAPTER 4 A view of adaptation across the world 42

CHAPTER 5 Who pays? 48

Library of adaptation measures 54

Acknowledgments 75

Endnotes 76