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Acknowledgments iv
Executive Summary v
Health Care Sector Employment Context v
Occupational Crowding as Compared with White Men vi
Findings for Specific Occupations When Compared with White Men vi
Occupational Crowding as Compared with White Women vi
Discussion and Conclusions vii
Promoting Opportunity for All in Health Care Occupations 1
Background 1
What We Did and Why 3
Methodology 3
Limitations 5
Findings 5
What Does Employment in Health Care Look Like? 6
Crowding in Health Care Occupations as Compared with White Men 8
Findings for Specific Occupations When Compared with White Men 14
Crowding in Health Care Occupations as Compared with White Women 15
Discussion and Conclusions 16
Problem #1: Biased hiring processes screen out applicants who have the required level of education 17
Problem #2: Even when women and people of color are in the same occupations as white men, they are paid less 18
Problem #3: Education and training programs are not aligned with employer demand 19
Problem #4: Students do not receive the support needed to select degrees and credentials that are in demand and of high quality 21
Notes 23
References 25
About the Authors 28
Statement of Independence 29
