Abbreviations and Acronyms 4

Executive Summary 6

Part I: Introduction 12

Part II: Regional Synthesis and Overview 17

2.1. Background and Regional Context of the 4IR 18

2.1.1. Macro-trends Impacting the 4IR in ASEAN 18

2.1.2. Key Region-wide Challenges and Responses 21

2.1.3. LDCs in ASEAN 22

2.2. 4IR and Marginalised and Vulnerable Groups in ASEAN 23

2.2.1. Negative and Positive Impacts of the 4ir Technologies on Marginalised and Vulnerable Groups 23

2.2.2. Impact of the 4ir on Priority Marginalised and Vulnerable Groups 24

2.2.3. Cross-cutting Impact of 4IR on Marginalised and Vulnerable Groups – Development Goals, Policies and Strategies 33

2.3. Key Challenges 34

2.3.1. Socio-demographic 34

2.3.2. Economic 35

2.3.3. Technological 36

2.3.4. Cross-border 37

Part III: 4IR Policies Targeting Marginalised and Vulnerable Groups 38

3.1 Regional Policies 39

3.2. National Level Policies in AMS 42

3.2.1. Children and Youth 42

3.2.2. Older Persons 46

3.2.3. Persons with Disabilities 47

Part IV: Policy and Programme Implications – Good Practices 48

Part V: Key Recommendations at Regional and Country Levels 56

5.1. Recommendations at the Regional Level 57

5.2. Recommendations at the Country Level 67

Part VI: Conclusion 70

References 74

Annex: Overview of 4IR: Policies, Programmes and Actors 94

List of Tables

Table 1. Children and Youth Populations by AMS 25

Table 2. Older Persons Populations by AMS 29

Table 3. Percentage of Persons with Disability in AMS Populations 32