Title page 1

Contents 8

Abstract 3

Acknowledgements 4

Note from the Secretariat 5

Executive Summary 6

1. Introduction 10

What is Synthetic Biology x AI x Automation? 11

2. Locating the transformative potential 12

Accelerating research and development 12

Embedding into and transforming value chains 14

Education and skills 15

Beyond containment 16

Long-term transformative and enabling research 17

3. Governance Implications and Policy Options 19

Pro-innovation regulation 19

Biosecurity and biosafety 21

Data supply chain 23

Regional disparities 25

Human oversight 27

Technology sovereignty 29

Research security 30

4. Preliminary Diagnosis 32

Uncertainty 32

Risk and scale of impact 32

Level of public concern or value conflict 33

Pace of technology emergence 33

Strategic importance 34

Governance gaps 34

5. Key takeaways and strategic intelligence needs 35

6. Conclusion 38

Annex A. OECD Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies 39

Annex B. Policy drivers for new SynBioxAI solutions 41

Annex C. List of Biofoundries 42

Annex D. Methodology 44

References 47

Endnotes 56

Tables 9

Table 3.1. Policy options for pro-innovation regulation 20

Table 3.2. Policy options for biosecurity and biosafety 22

Table 3.3. Policy options for data 25

Table 3.4. Policy options for regional disparities 27

Table 3.5. Policy options for human oversight 28

Table 3.6. Policy options for technology sovereignty 30

Table 3.7. Policy options for research security 31

Figures 9

Figure 3.1. Global distribution of biofoundries 26

Figure 5.1. Key takeaways and strategic intelligence needs on SynBioxAI 37

Boxes 9

Box 2.1. Case Study: Shenzhen Biofoundry 14

Box 2.2. Driving a Sustainable Bioeconomy 15

Annex Tables 9

Table C.1. List of global biofoundries 42

Table D.1. Experts engaged across in-person workshop, webinar, online meetings, and written input 44

Annex Figures 9

Figure A A.1. Strategic intelligence guidance for anticipatory governance of emerging technologies 39

Figure B.1. Policy drivers for technological innovation and example applications of SynBioxAI 41

Annex Boxes 9

Box A.1. Six dimensions for assessing governance needs of emerging technologies 40