Summary 4

1 Background 7

1.1 History of relevant legislation and regulations 10

1.2 Current national policy and governance 17

2 Understanding legacy landfill risks 19

2.1 Leachate and groundwater pathways 19

2.2 Surface-water, soil and air pathways 20

2.3 Ecological, environmental and health risks 21

2.4 Community campaigns to regulate risks 22

3 Remediation challenges, approaches and solutions 26

3.1 Remediating sites via development funding 26

3.2 Landfill mining and resource recovery 30

3.3 In situ containment and engineering controls 31

3.4 Other remediation approaches 33

3.5 Policy options 35

References 37

Contributors 47