Contributors 2

Acknowledgements 4

Forewords 6

About this Report 9

Key developments since the 2025 Report 10

Executive summary 11

Introduction 14

1. Background on general-purpose AI 16

1.1. What is general-purpose AI? 17

1.2. Current capabilities 26

1.3. Capabilities by 2030 32

2. Risks 44

2.1. Risks from malicious use 45

　2.1.1. AI-generated content and criminal activity ㄱ 45

　2.1.2. Influence and manipulation 50

　2.1.3. Cyberattacks 57

　2.1.4. Biological and chemical risks 64

2.2. Risks from malfunctions 71

　2.2.1. Reliability challenges 71

　2.2.2. Loss of control 76

2.3. Systemic risks 84

　2.3.1. Labour market impacts 84

　2.3.2. Risks to human autonomy 89

3. Risk management 96

3.1. Technical and institutional challenges 97

3.2. Risk management practices 105

3.3. Technical safeguards and monitoring 120

3.4. Open-weight models 132

3.5. Building societal resilience 138

Conclusion 146

Glossary 147

How to cite this report 156

References 157