Foreword 3

Abbreviations and acronyms 7

Executive summary 11

1 Overview: Main findings and policy guidance to strengthen digital connectivity in Colombia 14

1.1. Overview 15

1.2. Key findings of connectivity in an evolving digital environment in Colombia 16

1.3. Regulatory developments and institutional evolution in Colombia's communication sector 19

1.4. Policy and regulatory orientations 25

References 33

Notes 35

2 Developments in Colombia's communication markets 36

2.1. The state of digital connectivity in Colombia 37

2.2. Market structure and competitive dynamics in communication markets 53

2.3. The OTT ecosystem and its impact on Colombia's communication market 72

References 75

Notes 80

3 Regulatory structures in Colombia in an evolving connectivity environment 81

3.1. Overview of the institutional and regulatory framework in Colombia 82

3.2. Recent regulatory developments in a convergent environment 88

References 126

Notes 132

Annex 3.A. Regulatory structures in Colombia 133

4 Looking forward: Facing the challenges of the digital transformation in an evolving connectivity ecosystem 135

4.1. Convergence is changing the playing field: Experience across OECD Member countries 136

4.2. Over-the-top service provision and implications for communication policy and regulation 137

4.3. OECD Member countries experience adapting to the prevalence of OTT services 140

References 150

Notes 153