Foreword 3

Executive summary 4

1 Rising pressures on global materials systems 6

1.1 Materials systems are under strain 6

1.2 Cooperation on materials rises to top of business agendas 8

2 Adapting cooperation approaches to a multipolar world 12

3 Circular economy as a systemic approach 15

4 Priority areas for international cooperation 17

4.1 Data transparency and traceability 19

4.2 International standards 22

4.3 Trade and market cooperation 25

Conclusion 29

Appendix: Methodology 30

Contributors 31

Acknowledgements 31

Endnotes 33