Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

1. Introduction 4

2. Methods and data 5

2.1. Microsimulation model 5

2.2. Poverty estimation 5

2.3. Scenario setup 7

3. Results 8

3.1. Globally, 12.7 million people in extreme poverty due to disasters 8

3.2. Risk to assets, consumption, and well-being 10

3.3. The benefits of adaptive social protection 11

3.3.1. Uniform post-disaster support 12

3.3.2. Proportional post-disaster support 14

3.3.3. PDS cost-effectiveness 15

3.3.4. Income diversification 16

3.3.5. Asset vulnerability reduction 17

3.3.6. Exposure reduction 19

4. Discussion and conclusions 20

References 24

Supplementary information 28

A. Text supplement 29

A.1. Transfers and disaster resilience 29

B. Supplementary figures 30

C. Supplementary tables 37

Tables 9

Table 1. Datasets used 9

Figures 7

Figure 1. Illustration of poverty risk metrics 7

Figure 2. Estimated global poverty impact of disasters 11

Figure 3. Risk to assets, consumption, and well-being in the baseline scenario 12

Figure 4. Reduced damages and losses due to uniform post-disaster support 13

Figure 5. Reduced risk of poverty due to uniform post-disaster support 13

Figure 6. Reduced damages and losses due to proportional post-disaster support 14

Figure 7. Reduced risk of poverty due to proportional post-disaster support 14

Figure 8. Cost-effectiveness of post-disaster support measures 15

Figure 9. Reduced damages and losses due to income diversification 17

Figure 10. Reduced risk of poverty due to income diversification 17

Figure 11. Reduced damages and losses due to vulnerability reduction 18

Figure 12. Reduced risk of poverty due to vulnerability reduction 18

Figure 13. Reduced damages and losses due to exposure reduction 19

Figure 14. Reduced risk of poverty due to exposure reduction 19

Figure 15. Optimal expansion trajectories for all protection measures by country income group 23

Supplementary Tables 28

Supplementary Table 1. Baseline disaster risks 37

Supplementary Figures 28

Supplementary Figure 1. Risk of being pushed into poverty by country income group 31

Supplementary Figure 2. Time in poverty 32

Supplementary Figure 3. Damages and losses due to disasters by country income group 33

Supplementary Figure 4. Benefit-cost ratios for post-disaster support with extreme poverty 34

Supplementary Figure 5. Annual average poverty due to disasters without hazard protection 35

Supplementary Figure 6. The relationship between disaster impacts and transfers 36