Title page 1

Contents 3

Summary 2

Introduction 4

Data Centers and Energy Demand 5

Data Center Electricity Requirements 6

Electricity Supply for Data Center Projects 7

Proposed Data Center Energy Projects 9

Federal Permits for Data Center Energy 11

Electric Generation 11

Nuclear Power 11

Hydropower 12

Electric Transmission 13

Pipelines 14

Federal Lands or Waters 15

State Approvals and Reviews Under Federal Laws 16

Clean Air Act 16

New Source Review 16

Title V Operating Permits 17

Clean Water Act 18

Safe Drinking Water Act 19

Coastal Zone Management Act 19

Considerations for Congress 20

Key Policy Staff 22

Author Information 23

Disclaimer 23

Tables 3

Table 1. Selected Energy Infrastructure Projects Proposed for Data Centers 10