Executive Summary i

• 1.Introduction 1

• 2.Air Quality Standards 2

• 3.Ground-Level Ozone ($O_3$) 4

• 4.Nitrogen Dioxide ($NO_2$) 10

• 5.Fine Particulate Matter ($PM_{2.5}$) 13

• 6.Sulphur Dioxide ($SO_2$) 19

• 7.Carbon Monoxide ($CO$) 24

• 8.Air Quality Health Index 27

• 9.Conclusion 33

Appendix A 35

Appendix B 37

References 38

About the Authors 45

Publishing Information 46

About the Fraser Institute 47

Editorial Advisory Board 48