EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

SECTION I: Developments in Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Enforcement, and Related Market Access 12

A. Initiatives to Strengthen Intellectual Property Protection and Enforcement in Foreign Markets 13

B. Illustrative Best Intellectual Property Practices by Trading Partners 14

C. Multilateral Initiatives 16

D. Bilateral and Regional Initiatives 16

E. Intellectual Property Protection, Enforcement, and Related Market Access Challenges 18

Border, Criminal, and Online Enforcement Against Counterfeiting 18

Online Piracy and Broadcast Piracy 22

Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Innovation and Market Access 24

Trade Secrets 28

Forced Technology Transfer, Indigenous Innovation, and Preferences for Indigenous Intellectual Property 30

Geographical Indications 31

Trademark Protection Issues 34

Copyright Administration and Payment of Royalties 36

Government Use of Unlicensed Software 37

Other Issues 37

F. Intellectual Property and Sustainability 37

G. Intellectual Property and Health 38

H. Intellectual Property and Standards 39

I. Implementation of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 40

J. Dispute Settlement and Enforcement 41

SECTION II: Country Reports 43

PRIORITY FOREIGN COUNTRY 43

VIETNAM 43

PRIORITY WATCH LIST 48

CHILE 48

CHINA 50

INDIA 61

INDONESIA 65

RUSSIA 67

VENEZUELA 70

WATCH LIST 71

ALGERIA 71

ARGENTINA 72

BARBADOS 74

BELARUS 75

BOLIVIA 76

BRAZIL 77

CANADA 79

COLOMBIA 80

ECUADOR 81

EGYPT 82

EUROPEAN UNION 83

GUATEMALA 85

MEXICO 86

PAKISTAN 88

PARAGUAY 90

PERU 91

THAILAND 92

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 94

TÜRKIYE 95

ANNEX 1: Special 301 Statutory Basis 96

ANNEX 2: U.S. Government-Sponsored Technical Assistance and Capacity Building 98