A double burden: Poverty and climate change 3

Key findings 3

Part I: The 2025 global Multidimensional Poverty Index 6

Children bear the greatest burden 6

Middle-income countries: A hidden epicentre of multidimensional poverty 6

Where poverty hits hardest—stark geographical divides 7

Subnational data illuminate inequalities beyond the averages 8

Comparing measures reveals the true scope of poverty 10

How has poverty changed? 12

Post-pandemic trends point to stagnation 12

Part II: Compounding hardships: How climate hazards and poverty overlap 14

Nearly 80 percent of poor people face climate hazards 14

The burden of concurrent hazards 16

Despite poverty reduction, South Asia faces climate challenges 18

Lower-middle-income countries are most exposed 18

Patterns of deprivation vary with climate hazards 18

More heat ahead for the poorest countries 21

Easing a double burden for people and planet 21

Technical annex: Measures of high heat, drought, flood and air pollution 23

Notes 24

References 26

Table 1: Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing countries 28

Table 2: Multidimensional Poverty Index: changes over time based on harmonized estimates 3