INTRODUCTION 6

PROPAGANDA’S TOOLS, ACTORS, AND METHODS 9

SAF communication tools and actors 11

SAF community of dedicated communication experts 14

Popular yet anonymous 15

Craze for Livestreamers 15

Dedicated journalists 16

Politicized artists 17

Media surveillance and censorship 19

RSF communication tools and actors 19

Propaganda capacity under constraint 21

Subcontracting propaganda to foreign actors 23

Methods of propaganda 25

PROPAGANDA RHETORIC 27

Who was the aggressor? 27

SAF: A planned and premeditated coup by the RSF 27

RSF: We did not attack anyone 28

Legitimizing the war 28

SAF: The dignity war 29

RSF: A parade of reasons for the war 29

Tactical propaganda: claims and counterclaims of territorial control 31

Al-Burhan and Hemedti: Leadership Styles through propaganda 33

Al-Burhan: A guru or an Islamist agent? 33

Hemedti: A ruthless mercenary or a democrat? 35

IMPACT OF PROPAGANDA 36

Political impact 36

Humanitarian impact 37

CONCLUSION 39

APPENDIX 40