Title page 1

Contents 2

FOREWORD 5

FOR THOSE WHO SERVE 6

NATO IN 2025: A STRONGER ALLIANCE 7

A STEADFAST ALLIANCE: DETERRENCE AND DEFENCE ACROSS ALL DOMAINS 9

A READY ALLIANCE: RESILIENCE AND CIVIL PREPAREDNESS 20

INVESTING FOR STRENGTH: DEFENCE SPENDING IN 2025 24

MANUFACTURING SECURITY: CAPABILITIES, PRODUCTION AND INNOVATION 28

STALWART IN THE FACE OF AGGRESSION: CONTINUING ALLIED SUPPORT TO UKRAINE 37

PREVENTING INSTABILITY: CRISIS MANAGEMENT 41

SECURITY THROUGH COOPERATION: WORKING WITH PARTNERS 45

ANNEX I: NATO AT A GLANCE 49

ANNEX II: KEY NATO AND ALLIED MULTINATIONAL EXERCISES IN 2025 55

ANNEX III: DEFENCE EXPENDITURE OF NATO COUNTRIES (2014-2025) 61

Table 1. Defence expenditure (million national currency units) 65

Table 2. Defence expenditure (million US dollars) 66

Table 3. Defence expenditure as a share of GDP and annual real change (based on 2021 prices) 67

Table 4. Defence expenditure real change 2014-2025e 68

Table 5. GDP (million US dollars) 69

Table 6. GDP per capita and defence expenditure per capita (2021 prices and exchange rates) 70

Table 7. Military personnel (Thousands) 71

Table 8a. Distribution of defence expenditure by main category (percentage of total defence expenditure) 72

Table 8b. Distribution of defence expenditure by main category (percentage of total defence expenditure) 73

Graphs 62

Graph 1. Defence expenditure (billion US dollars, based on 2021 prices and exchange rates) 62

Graph 2. NATO Europe and Canada - defence expenditure (billion US dollars, based on 2021 prices and exchange rates) 62

Graph 3. Main categories of defence expenditure (percentage of total defence expenditure) 2025e 63

Graph 4. NATO Europe and Canada - major equipment expenditure (annual real change, based on 2021 prices and exchange rates) 63

Graph 5. Share of Alliance GDP 2025e, Share of Alliance defence expenditure 2025e 64