Title page 1

Contents 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

SUMMARY 5

1. INTRODUCTION 6

TOWARDS A MORE DOMESTIC-ECONOMIC FOCUSSED FOREIGN POLICY 6

2. DEFENCE 8

TRACK 1: CLOSER DEFENCE COLLABORATION WITH THE EU 8

TRACK 2: DEFENCE-INDUSTRIAL COALITION 9

TRACK 3: EUROPEAN NUCLEAR DETERRENCE ARCHITECTURE 9

3. ENERGY 10

MANAGING DEPENDENCIES ON CHINA 10

ENERGY COLLABORATION BEYOND CHINA AND THE US 10

4. AI AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 12

CLOSING THE AI DEPENDENCY GAP 12

COMPLEMENT, DON'T SUBSTITUTE 12

5. CONCLUSION 14

REFERENCES 15