Abbreviations and Acronyms vi

Acknowledgments vii

Abstract 1

Executive Summary 2

Introduction 6

(i) Understanding AI and its Constituent Technologies 7

(ii) Divergence in AI Approaches and Adoption 7

(iii) Citizen Expectations and Government Obligations 8

(iv) Opportunities and Challenges 9

(v) Cautionary Tales from Early Adopters 11

(vi) The Role of Governance for AI Deployment in Public Institutions 12

Principles 13

Internationally Recognized AI Principles 13

Emerging Practices 16

Practice 1: Establishing Transparent Oversight 17

Practice 2: Mandating Policy and Guidance 22

Practice 3: Building the Data Landscape 28

Practice 4: Securing Technology Infrastructure 33

Practice 5: Developing and Acquiring Skills 36

Practice 6: Investing in Long-Term Outcomes 40

Practice 7: Involving Citizens and Strategic Partners 45

Key Takeaways 49

Bibliography 52

Annex 65