Introduction 1

Competition with China and Russia 3

Second Trump Administration Approach and Regional Response 4

Panama Canal and Greenland 4

Critical Infrastructure 6

Apparent Backlash 8

Legislative Action and Issues for Congressional Consideration 9

Counternarcotics and Transnational Crime 11

Second Trump Administration Approach and Regional Response 12

Tariffs as a Counternarcotics Policy Tool 12

Terrorist Designations and Use of Military Force Against Criminal Groups 13

Foreign Assistance and Anti-Corruption Policy Changes 17

Regional Responses and Initiatives 18

Legislative Action and Issues for Congressional Consideration 21

Migration Policy 22

Second Trump Administration Approach and Regional Response 23

Policies to Restrict Asylum, End Discretionary Protection Programs, and Bolster

Interior Enforcement 23

Regional Cooperation on U.S. Removals of Unauthorized Migrants 25

Shifts in Regional Migration Patterns 26

Legislative Action and Issues for Congressional Consideration 28

Trade Policy 29

Trade Agreements 29

Trade Preference Programs 31

Second Trump Administration Approach and Regional Response 32

Tariff Actions 33

Executive Trade Agreements 35

USMCA Joint Review 36

U.S. Trade and Investment Financing and Other Support 36

U.S. Trade Flows with Western Hemisphere Countries 37

Legislative Action and Issues for Congressional Consideration 39

Political Engagement 40

Second Trump Administration Approach and Regional Response 41

Democracy Assistance and Election Policy Shifts 41

Support for Ideological Allies 42

Pressure on Authoritarian Governments 43

Legislative Action and Issues for Congressional Consideration 45

Outlook 46