Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Demographic Context 5

3 General Health Context 7

4 UK Prevalence of Drug Use Among Ethnic Minority Groups 8

5 Drug Related Harms and Deaths Among Ethnic Minority Groups . 14

Physical Health Harms 14

Drug Related Deaths 15

Stigma and Intersectionality 16

6 Treatment Services for Ethnic Minority Groups 18

Access and Barriers to Treatment 20

Effectiveness of service provision (International Evidence) 26

7 Conclusions 30

Gaps in data – Prevalence and Treatment 30

Treatment 30

Service Issues 31

Workforce 31

Stigma and Intersectionality 32

8 Recommendations 33

Annex A: Case Studies from Public Evidence Gathering 37

Annex B: List of Abbreviations Used in The Report 44

Annex C: Drug Use in Ethnic Minorities Working Group 45

Annex D: ACMD Council Membership, at time of report publication 46

References 48