Title page 1

Contents 4

Acknowledgments 9

Summary for Policy Makers 10

Purpose and Policy Context 10

Four Operational Gaps that Limited Clean Air and Climate Actions Synergies 10

Four Recommendations for the 15th Five-Year Plan 11

1. Adopt Fully Integrated Clean Air and Climate Action Plans 11

2. Optimize Emission Reduction Pathways Using Cost-Effectiveness and Technology Readiness 11

3. Align Markets and Finance to Drive Economy-Wide Abatement and Innovation 13

4. Accelerate Development of Integrated Inventory and Monitoring Systems 13

Conclusions and Next Steps 13

I. Introduction 14

II. Status of Air Quality and AQM Effort in China 15

III. Operational Gaps Hindering Clean Air-Climate Actions Synergies 18

IV. Policy and Operational Recommendations for the Key Regions to Achieve Clean Air-Climate Actions Synergies 29

V. Conclusions and Next Steps 37

References 39

Annex A. Baseline Analysis on Polices and Emission Sources 43

A.I. Policy Evolution and Targets for Clean Air and Climate Actions Synergies 43

A.II. Pollution Source Analysis of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Surround Area and Fenwei Plain 47

Annex B. Description of Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Clean Air and Climate Actions 52

Table 1. System costs of achieving the air quality and GHG targets in 2030 for the different modeled scenarios in Almaty 22

Table 2. From gaps to recommendations: priority actions to deliver clean air and climate actions synergies (15th FYP) 37

ES Figure 1. Cost-effectiveness and technology readiness analyses of 36 clean air measures 11

Figure 1. (a) Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and (b) ozone concentrations, national and two key regional averages 15

Figure 2. Major anthropogenic air pollutants and greenhouse gases 19

Figure 3. Cost-effectiveness and technology readiness analyses of 36 clean air measures 33

Boxes 5

Box 1. The Air Quality-Climate Change Nexus: Shared Pollutants, Common Sources, and Compounding Effects 16

Box 2. Impact of Coherent, Integrated Policies on Clean Air and Climate Actions 17

Box 3. The Status and Challenges of Policy Integration in China's Fenwei Plain 20

Box 4. Linfen: A Case Study in Diverging Trajectories 21

Box 5. Dynamic Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Securing Advantages in Development 25

Box 6. Example of a Coherent Plan for Clean Air and Climate Actions: Bay Area Air Quality Management District 2017 Clean Air Action Plan... 30

Box 7. Scaling Circular Economy: Scrap Steel Recycling for Clean Air-Climate Actions Synergies 31

Box 8. Blended Finance to Scale Up Air Quality and Climate Solutions 35

Table A.I-1. Key national policies promoting synergistic emission reductions 44

Table A.I-2. Provincial obligatory targets of air quality by 2025 and carbon emissions by 2030 46

Table A.II-1. Sector-specific emissions by primary air pollutants and greenhouse gases in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding area and Fenwei Plain 47

Table A.II-2. National emissions from mobile sources in years 2019 and 2023 50

Figure A.I-1. Energy consumption by fuel type per unit area at the national level and across key regions, 2019 48

Figure A.I-2. Production of selected industrial products by volume per unit area at the national level and across key regions, 2024 49