Scope of the report 1

Key messages 2

Global climate context 3

Regional climate 5

Temperature 5

Precipitation 8

Cryosphere 10

Snow 10

Glaciers 10

Oceans 11

Sea-surface temperature 11

Ocean heat content 12

Sea level 12

Ocean acidification .13

Extreme events 14

Tropical cyclones 15

Marine heatwaves 16

Major climate drivers 17

Climate-related impacts and risks 18

Datasets and methods 27

Contributors 28

Endnotes 29