1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. GEOECONOMIC BACKGROUND 3

2.1. KEY TECHNOLOGIES IN THE AGE OF CRITICAL SUPPLY CHAINS AND STRATEGIC AUTONOMY 3

2.2. THE ROLE OF TECH MIDDLE POWERS 4

3. THE EU’S GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS AS PART OF OPEN STRATEGIC AUTONOMY 6

4. EU-ASIA DIGITAL RELATIONS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES 14

4.1. JAPAN PARTNERSHIP 14

4.2. KOREA PARTNERSHIP 21

4.3. SINGAPORE PARTNERSHIP 27

4.4. INDIA DIALOGUE 33

5. EU-TAIWAN DIGITAL RELATIONS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES 39

5.1. TAIWAN’S DIGITAL TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PRIORITIES 39

5.2. DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN TAIWAN 40

5.3. TAIWAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE US, CHINA AND OTHER TECH POWERS 41

5.4. EU-TAIWAN BILATERAL DIGITAL RELATIONS AND FRAMEWORKS 43

5.5. EU MEMBER STATES AND TAIWAN 45

5.6. MULTILATERAL LEVEL, INCLUDING REGULATORY COOPERATION 47

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49

6.1. MAIN FINDINGS 49

6.2. CHALLENGES WITH THE EU’S APPROACH 51

6.3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE EU 52

6.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TAIWAN 53

APPENDIX. LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 55

REFERENCES 57