Introduction

The European question, ten years on 1

Anton Spisak on the decade that reshaped Britain but left its place in Europe

unresolved

The past

The costs of separation 4

John Springford and Anton Spisak on how much Brexit has cost the UK economy

– and why the hardest trade-offs still lie ahead

The long shadow of Brexit 7

David Lidington on how leaving the EU absorbed a decade of British politics without addressing the grievances behind it

A more fragile union 9

Philip Rycroft on how Brexit strained the UK union while making its break-up harder

The ghost in the statute book 11

Catherine Barnard on why leaving the EU has not freed Britain from the gravitational pull of EU law

The present

Britain and the EU in a world of disorder 13

David Miliband on why Britain and the EU need a stronger partnership in a more

dangerous world

One crisis among many 15

Nicolai von Ondarza on how the EU has adapted to a decade of crises – and how

Brexit has left its mark on European politics

A gap in Europe’s defences 17

Julian King on why closing gaps in UK-EU security co-operation is a strategic necessity

Same threats, less say 19

Ian Bond on how Britain can defend shared European security interests from outside the EU

The power of proximity 21

Nick Butler on why Britain and the EU need a more resilient energy and climate

partnership

A change of heart 23

Peter Kellner on how British voters now see Brexit differently – and why regret is not the same as reversal

The future

A relationship without a destination 25

Nathalie Tocci on why the next phase of UK-EU relations needs a clearer political

endpoint

The price of closer ties 27

Catherine Day on what Britain must be prepared to accept if it wants a closer

relationship with the EU

The steps forward 29

Daniela Schwarzer on the practical agenda that could make the UK and the EU

stronger together

Beyond the reset 31

Charles Grant on how much closer UK-EU relations can go – and what could make a more ambitious partnership possible