Table of contents List of abbreviations 4

Executive summary 5

1. Introduction 8

2. Current landscape and technology state of play 11

2.1. Defining advanced and clean energy technologies 11

2.2. Value chains, market shares, and major dependencies 12

2.3. Recent legislative and policy developments in the EU and globally 19

3. Key vulnerabilities, bottlenecks, and dependencies 23

3.1. Raw materials and processing bottlenecks 23

3.2. Geopolitical and economic dependencies 26

3.3. Financial, human capital, and regulatory challenges 28

4. Policy options for strengthening EU resilience and competitiveness 32

4.1. Access to and processing of critical raw materials 33

4.2. Enhancing funding, scaling up investment, and streamlining regulation 35

4.3. Building a skilled workforce and fostering research and innovation 37

4.4. Strategic international partnerships and trade defense instruments 39

5. Conclusion 42

References 44