Foreword  3

Acknowledgements  4

Abbreviations and acronyms  7

Executive summary  9

1 Overview and key insights  12

In Brief  13

1.1. AI and the labour market relevance of VET development: Potential and challenges  13

1.2. Why this cross-country study is important  17

References  26

2 The potential of artificial intelligence in vocational education and training development  30

In Brief  31

2.1. Common practices in VET curriculum and qualification development  31

2.2. What tasks could AI help improve in VET development?  42

References  48

3 Leveraging AI for vocational education and training development: Current and emerging use cases  50

In Brief  51

3.1. Who uses AI to support VET development, and how?  51

3.2. In which tasks is AI used to support VET development?  55

3.3. For which types and subjects of VET programmes is AI used?  60

3.4. What data and AI tools are used or piloted for VET development?  62

References  65

4 Leveraging AI for vocational education and training development: Barriers and

potential risks  67

In Brief  68

4.1. Barriers to effective, secure and inclusive AI use in supporting VET development  69

4.2. Potential risks associated with AI use in VET development  72

References  75

5 Policy considerations  76

In Brief  77

5.1. The uniqueness of VET development and the need of VET-specific AI principles  77

5.2. Policy considerations  78

5.3 Next steps  89

References  90