Title page 1

Contents 5

Acknowledgements 4

Executive summary 8

1. Introduction 10

2. Overview of existing databases 14

Venture capital data 14

Administrative data 14

Survey data 15

Entrepreneurial ecosystem data 15

3. Data sources 17

Data on the entrepreneurial ecosystem 17

Complementary information on company financing and innovative performance 18

4. Methodology 21

Cleaning, harmonising, and linking the entrepreneurial ecosystem databases 21

Linking the entrepreneurial ecosystem data with firm-level outcomes 23

5. Benchmarking against other datasets 25

Data 25

Benchmarking 26

6. Descriptive statistics and trends 29

Descriptive statistics 29

Trends 31

Innovative start-ups 39

7. Conclusion 41

Endnotes 42

References 48

Annex A. Additional details on the link between data 54

Annex B. Additional figures and tables of the benchmarking analysis 68

Annex C. Additional figures and tables of descriptive statistics and trends 73

Table 2.1. Summary of the types of data used in start-up and entrepreneurial research 16

Table 3.1. Data sources integrated into the OECD Start-ups Database 20

Table 5.1. Sources of benchmark database, by country and organisation 26

Table 6.1. Entities in the OECD Start-ups Database 30

Table 6.2. Key characteristics of the OECD Start-ups Database 31

Figure 4.1. Distribution of entities in the OECD Start-ups Database, by data source and location 22

Figure 4.2. Number and volume of start-up funding deals in the OECD Start-ups Database, by data source and location 23

Figure 4.3. Share of entities from the OECD Start-ups database linked with external databases, by external database and location 24

Figure 5.1. Comparison of VC investment coverage: benchmark data vs. OECD Start-ups Database 27

Figure 5.2. Comparison of VC investment coverage: benchmark data vs. OECD Start-ups Database by year 28

Figure 6.1. Trends in company registration in the OECD Start-ups Database, by year and location 32

Figure 6.2. Average age of companies at registration, by innovative status 33

Figure 6.3. Global trends in start-up deals and deal volumes, by location and year 34

Figure 6.4. Distribution and volume of start-up deal types, by location 35

Figure 6.5. Domestic and foreign investment: number and volume of deals, by location 36

Figure 6.6. Distribution of investor types, by location and deal type 37

Figure 6.7. Patent filings, by ISIC Rev.4 classification and by filing year 38

Figure 6.8. Number of new innovative start-ups registered in the OECD Start-ups Database, by year founded 39

Figure 6.9. Number of innovative start-ups, by foundation year and by location 40

Figure 6.10. Deal volume of innovative start-ups, by deal year and by location 40

Boxes 13

Box 1.1. Publications using the OECD Start-ups Database 13

Box 6.1. Registration lag 33

Table A A.1. Deal type harmonisation across Dealroom and Crunchbase 56

Table A A.2. Categories used for the manual checking of investor types 60

Table A B.1. Frequencies and percentage difference of the OECD Start-ups Database and benchmark data, by source 68

Table A B.2. Frequencies and percentage difference of the OECD Start-ups Database and benchmark data, by source, by country 69

Table A C.1. Allocation of economies to geographical locations 73

Table A C.2. Deal type aggregation in OECD Start-up database 74

Table A C.3. Funding information, by country 74

Table A C.4. Number and share of companies, by variables and by location 76

Table A C.5. Number and share of companies, by variables and by year founded 77

Figure A A.1. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for private sector investment companies 61

Figure A A.2. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for corporate venture capital subsidiaries 62

Figure A A.3. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for government-related investment companies 62

Figure A A.4. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for financial corporations in the private sector 63

Figure A A.5. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for government-related financial corporations 63

Figure A A.6. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for non-financial corporates 64

Figure A A.7. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for accelerators and incubators 64

Figure A A.8. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for angel groups, family offices, and individual investors 65

Figure A A.9. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for government units 66

Figure A A.10. Crunchbase and Dealroom categories for universities 66

Figure A B.1. Comparison of VC financing in multiple countries and locations, by year 70

Figure A B.2. Comparison of the number of VC deals in multiple countries and locations, by year 71

Figure A B.3. Comparison of the number of VC-funded companies in multiple countries and locations, by year 72

Figure A C.1. Links to Orbis, Orbis M&A, patents, and trademarks 79

Figure A C.2. Percentage of companies with founders' information across locations and over time 80

Figure A C.3. Percentage of companies with founders' information that had some VC financing across locations and over time 80

Figure A C.4. Volume of funding, by location, year, and by source 81

Figure A C.5. Percentage of deals with missing information on funding amounts across locations and over time 81

Figure A C.6. Percentage of deals with information on investors across locations and over time 82