Foreword  3

Executive summary  4

Introduction  5

1 What is told vs. what is measured  6

2 Evidence of AI impacts in health systems  8

2.1 Automation and efficiency  8

2.2 Evaluating AI outcomes  9

3 Perception of value: Inversely proportionate to risk  12

3.1 The force of structures and systems  13

3.2 The role of incentives and convenience  13

3.3 Value inversion  14

4 A vision for the future  17

Conclusion  20

Contributors  21

Endnotes  22