Title page 1

Contents 3

List of acronyms and abbreviations 5

About the author 6

Abstract 7

CHAPTER 1. Introduction 8

CHAPTER 2. Historical context 10

Civil war phase 10

Inter-war phase 10

Second World War phase 12

Cold War phase 13

Post-Cold War and NATO integration 13

CHAPTER 3. External balancing strategies: international military cooperation and defense diplomacy 15

CHAPTER 4. Internal balancing strategies (1): establishing the effectiveness of the defense sector 18

CHAPTER 5. Internal balancing strategies (2): accountability and democratic control of the armed forces 22

CHAPTER 6. Learning lessons with a view of Ukraine's post-war Security Sector Reform 24

References 26

Appendix 1. The command organization of the Finnish Defense Forces 30

Table 1. Six Finnish phases of civil-military relations 11

Figure 1. Armed forces, personnel, total - Finland, 1985-2020 19

Figure 2. Military expenditure (% of GDP) Finland, 1960-2022 21