1. Why is Europe warming so quickly?  10

2. Key events  17

3. Long heatwave in sub-Arctic Fennoscandia  22

4. Temperature  33

5. Thermal stress  43

6. Wildfires  48

7. Clouds and sunshine  56

8. Renewable energy resources  63

9. Precipitation  70

10. Soil moisture  79

11. River flow and flooding  86

12. Lakes  93

13. Snow  99

14. Glaciers  106

15. Greenland Ice Sheet  112

16. Sea ice  120

17. Ocean  128

18. Greenhouse gases driving climate change  138

19. Climate policy and action: biodiversity  142

20. Marine heatwaves impacting Mediterranean biodiversity  152

21. Peatland wildfires impacting biodiversity  159

About the data  166

About us  168

References  170