List of abbreviations  2

Executive summary  3

Introduction  5

1. Gender and security in a changing global landscape  7

2. Typifying resistance to WPS and gender equality  12

2.1. Normative / Language-based resistance  12

2.2. Institutional resistance  17

2.3. Representation and gatekeeping  22

3. Strategies for navigating resistance  27

3.1. Promote gender-responsive norms  28

3.2. Strengthen inclusive processes  29

3.3. Build inclusive institutional infrastructure  30

3.4. Accelerate meaningful participation  31

Conclusion  33

Bibliography  34