Foreword  3

Acknowledgements  4

Abbreviations and acronyms  7

Executive Summary  10

1 A call for coherence: Co-ordinated action for a sustainable future  12

1.1. Why coherence and co-ordinated action matter for the 2030 Agenda  13

1.2. Systemic interlinkages across water, energy, industry and cities for coherent action  16

1.3. Key systemic incoherences slowing progress on SDGs 6, 7, 9, 11 and 17  30

1.4. Turning interlinkages into impact  31

References  32

2 Maximising impact through integrated policy action  38

2.1. Unlocking synergies across economic, social and environmental goals  39

2.2. Trade-offs: How to balance competing policy objectives  46

2.3. Getting a grip on transboundary impacts  50

References  54

3 Strengthening capacities for coherent and co-ordinated action  59

3.1. Institutional conditions for embedding policy coherence  61

3.2. Governance tools for aligning policies and managing trade-offs in practice  72

References  84

4 A Policy Coherence Agenda for Transformative Action  87

Five strategic pillars for action  88