Acknowledgements  4

Executive summary  6

1 Benefits and trade-offs of tree and forest management on agricultural land  8

Environmental importance of forests  8

Environmental benefits and trade-offs of integrating tree and forest management into agriculture  10

2 Agriculture and tree cover trends: Historical trends  14

3 Policies intersecting agriculture and forests  16

Policy trends and goals  16

Payment rates  17

4 Policy directions to enhance the effectiveness of tree and forest planting efforts  20

Aligning socio-economic incentives  20

Ensuring long-term benefits (permanence)  23

Availability of forest reproductive materials and planting practices  23

5 Conclusion  25

References  26

Notes  35