Summary  4

Background  6

1 What is digital sovereignty?  7

1.1 Definitions  7

1.2 What are the benefits and risks of digital sovereignty?  10

2 How sovereign is the UK?  13

2.1 Sovereign AI  13

2.2 Semiconductor chips  17

2.3 Sovereign cloud services  19

2.4 Sovereign timing services  22

2.5 UK Payment System  23

3 How can UK digital sovereignty be increased?  24

3.1 Open source  24

3.2 Procurement  25

3.3 Building skills for digital sovereignty  26

3.4 Mapping out digital systems  27

References  29

Contributors  40