I.   Introduction 2

II.   Mandate and methodology 2

III.   International legal obligations 3

IV.   Measures adopted by the Taliban to consolidate control and their human rights implications 3

  A.    Policy measures adopted between August 2021 and October 2025 4

  B.    Developments since November 2025 4

  C.    Restrictions on freedom of religion 7

  D.    Restrictions on freedoms of expression and peaceful assembly 7

  E.    Other developments

V.   Impact of policy measures adopted by the Taliban on children and youth 9

  A.    Legal and protection framework 9

  B.    Right to education 10

  C.    Right to health 12

  D.    Mental health 12

  E.    Exposure to exploitation and other forms of violence 13

  F.    Groups with particular vulnerabilities 15

    1.     Returnee children

    2.     Children with disabilities

  G.    Participation of children and youth in processes affecting their future 16

VI.   Conclusions and recommendations 17