What return hubs are – and what they are not 2

European precedents, but no template 3

The United States: a small, costly and selective precedent 4

From legal opening to political momentum 5

Key risks associated with future return hubs 6

Conditions for a limited pilot 7

 Transferring state to remain responsible until sustainable outcome 7

 Define the function and target group narrowly 7

 Choose partners by safeguards, not availability 7

 Require an additionality test for every transfer 8

 Evaluate outcomes, not departures 8

 Protect the core return system, including reintegration 8