Executive summary 7

Chapter 1. The need for modern grids 11

  Grids in the Age of Electricity 11

  The limits of traditional grid expansion 13

  Making better use of grids to complement grid expansion 13

  Proven benefits of the digital grid toolkit 19

Chapter 2. State of play 21

  Digitalisation policies 22

  Monitoring and control systems 24

  Grid-enhancing technologies 33

  AI-enhanced solutions 41

  AI: An opportunity for emerging market and developing economies to leapfrog 52

Chapter 3. Estimating and unlocking the potential 56

  Estimating the potential of the digital grid toolkit 56

  Enabler 1: Regulatory frameworks 61

  Enabler 2: Data foundations 71

  Enabler 3: Skills and organisational readiness 75

  Enabler 4: Trust, accountability and security 78

Chapter 4. Policy recommendations 84

Abbreviations and acronyms 91