Introduction 1

Background 1

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 5

  IAEA JCPOA Monitoring February 2021-June 2025 7

IAEA Safeguards Agreement 11

  September 2005 Noncompliance Finding 13

  Post-September 2005 Noncompliance and Potential Noncompliance 13

    Design Information Provision 13

    Undeclared Nuclear Material 17

  June 2025 Noncompliance Finding 21

  IAEA Safeguards Implementation Post-June 2025 22

Iran and the UN Security Council 25

  Snapback 26

Authority for IAEA and UN Security Council Actions 28

  IAEA Statute 28

  Relevant UN Charter Authorities and the Security Council 29

Has Iran Violated the NPT? 30

Appendixes

Appendix A. Iranian Adherence to JCPOA Nuclear Program Restrictions 33

Appendix B. IAEA Special Inspections 36

Appendix C. 2003 Iranian Noncompliance with Its IAEA Safeguards Agreement 37

Appendix D. IAEA Reports Concerning UN Security Council Resolution 2231 39

Appendix E. Extended Remarks by William Foster Regarding Possible NPT Article II

  Violations 42

Contacts

  Author Information 43