Introduction 2

Technical capabilities and policy relevance 4

The European Union’s global position 5

How leading jurisdictions are governing AI-enabled biological design 6

Biosecurity gaps and regulatory blind spots 7

The European Union's regulatory framework for AI-enabled biological design 8

Operational instruments at the AI-biotechnology-biosecurity intersection 10

Cross-cutting principles for governance design 15

Mirror biology, two categories, one debate 18

Mirror biology as a case for proportionality 19

Outlook and Policy recommendations 20