Disclaimers 2

Abstract 3

Acknowledgements 4

Reader’s guide 7

  1.1. Acronyms 7

  1.2. Abbreviations 8

Executive summary 9

  Main findings 9

Introduction 11

Regulations to digitally enabled services trade and their implications for DIPs 13

Measuring the reach of DIPs and the role of foreign providers 17

DIPs are expanding, but along very different paths across sectors 19

Unpacking the relationship between restrictions to digitally enabled services trade and DIPs’ diffusion 25

Towards a more open and trusted digital trade environment 28

Annex A. Data and empirical specification 29

  Data overview 29

  Empirical specification 30

Annex B. Regression analysis: Country structural characteristics 31

Annex C. Regression analysis: Regulatory barriers to digitally enabled services trade 35

Annex D. Competition analysis: the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) 39

References 43

Notes 52