Executive Summary 2

1 List of Abbreviations 7

2 Introduction 8

3 Rethinking governance for mCDR: problem definition 10

  3.1 Overview of current mCDR governance landscape 12

  3.2 Key governance gaps and failures 21

  3.3 Cross-cutting barriers to deployment 22

4 Dimensions within the mCDR governance framework 25

  4.1 Legal and regulatory dimension 27

    4.1.1 Legal characterisation and regulatory gateway 28

    4.1.2 Stage-, scale- and risk-sensitive authorisation and accountability 28

    4.1.3 Cumulative compliance, cooperation and non-dilution 29

    4.1.4 Linking environmental legality and carbon accounting 29

  4.2 Ethical and social acceptability 31

    4.2.1 Social acceptability and public perceptions 32

    4.2.2 Justice, fairness and the distribution of burdens and benefits 33

  4.3 Scientific knowledge, monitoring and uncertainty 34

    4.3.1 Evidence requirements and scientific readiness 35

    4.3.2 Environmental monitoring and carbon-removal MRV 35

    4.3.3 Uncertainty and adaptive review 36

    4.3.4 Knowledge production, transparency and scientific capacity 36

  4.4 Support instruments, economic incentives and risk-sharing mechanisms 37

    4.4.1 Technology support and demand-side incentives 38

    4.4.2 Stage-sensitive support and investment risk 39

    4.4.3 Linking remuneration to verified carbon removal 40

    4.4.4 Financial risk-sharing and responsibility 40

  4.5 Institutional and multi-level governance 41

    4.5.1 Roles, responsibilities and institutional capacity 41

    4.5.2 Coordination across governance levels 42

    4.5.3 Centralisation, decentralisation and polycentric coordination 42

    4.5.4 Coordination, stakeholder engagement and conflict resolution 43

    4.5.5 Institutional learning and adaptation 43

5 Stakeholder-centred design and participation 45

  5.1 Identifying and mapping stakeholders 46

  5.2 Operationalising inclusion, equity and justice in stakeholder participation 47

  5.3 Mechanisms for public engagement and co-creation 49

6 From framework to action: pathways and recommendations 52

  6.1 Guiding principles for effective mCDR governance 52

  6.2 Governance pathways (scenarios) 56

  6.3 Policy and recommendations 58

7 Conclusions 62

8 Deviations from Annex 1 64

9 Acknowledgement 65

10 References 66

11 Annex: Development of the Communities of Practice (CPr) network under Task 5.1 74

  11.1 Purpose of the CPr within WP5 74

  11.2 Phase I: Infrastructure development 75

  11.3 Phase II: Setting in motion 76

  11.4 Phase III: Selection of sensitive intervention points 76

  11.5 Phase IV: Specific engagement and knowledge consolidation 78

  11.6 Contribution of the CPr to D5.2 79

  11.7 Conclusions 81